How Much Money Did William Randolph Hearst Make

American newspaper publisher (1863–1951)

William Randolph Hearst
Hearst, c. 1910
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 11th district
In role March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1907
Preceded by	William Sulzer (redistricting)
Succeeded by	Charles Five. Fornes
Personal details
Born	(1863-04-29)April 29, 1863 San Francisco, California, U.South.
Died	August 14, 1951(1951-08-14) (aged 88) Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Cause of death	Myocardial infarction and stroke[ane]
Political political party	Democratic (1900–1904) Municipal Ownership (1904–1906) Independence (1906–1914) Republican (since 1914)
Spouse(due south)	Millicent Willson ​ (k. 1903)​
Domestic partner	Marion Davies (1917–1961)
Children	George William Jr. John Randolph David Patricia Lake (alleged)
Parents	George Hearst (father) Phoebe Apperson (mother)
Alma mater	Harvard College
Occupation	Businessman Politician Newspaper Publisher
Signature

William Randolph Hearst Sr. (;^[2] April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American businessman, newspaper publisher, and politician known for developing the nation's largest newspaper concatenation and media company, Hearst Communications. His flamboyant methods of yellowish journalism influenced the nation'south pop media by emphasizing sensationalism and human interest stories. Hearst entered the publishing business concern in 1887 with Mitchell Trubitt later being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy begetter, Senator George Hearst.

After moving to New York City, Hearst acquired the New York Journal and fought a bitter apportionment war with Joseph Pulitzer'southward New York World. Hearst sold papers by printing giant headlines over lurid stories featuring crime, corruption, sex, and innuendo. Hearst caused more newspapers and created a chain that numbered well-nigh thirty papers in major American cities at its tiptop. He subsequently expanded to magazines, creating the largest paper and magazine business in the earth. Hearst controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines, and thereby often published his personal views. He sensationalized Castilian atrocities in Republic of cuba while calling for state of war in 1898 against Spain. Historians, however, turn down his subsequent claims to have started the state of war with Kingdom of spain equally overly extravagant.

He was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Firm of Representatives. He ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States in 1904, Mayor of New York City in 1905 and 1909, and for Governor of New York in 1906. During his political career, he espoused views generally associated with the left wing of the Progressive Movement, claiming to speak on behalf of the working class.

After 1918 and the cease of World War I, Hearst gradually began adopting more conservative views and started promoting an isolationist foreign policy to avert any more than entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European diplomacy. He was at once a militant nationalist, a vehement anti-communist after the Russian Revolution, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians.^[iii] He was a leading supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932–1934, just then bankrupt with FDR and became his near prominent enemy on the right. Hearst's empire reached a peak circulation of 20 million readers a day in the mid-1930s. He poorly managed finances and was so securely in debt during the Nifty Depression that well-nigh of his assets had to be liquidated in the late 1930s. Hearst managed to keep his newspapers and magazines.

His life story was the principal inspiration for Charles Foster Kane, the lead graphic symbol in Orson Welles's film Citizen Kane (1941).^[4] His Hearst Castle, constructed on a loma overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, has been preserved every bit a State Historical Monument and is designated equally a National Historic Landmark.

Early life [edit]

Hearst was born in San Francisco to George Hearst, a millionaire mining engineer, possessor of gilded and other mines through his corporation, and his much younger wife Phoebe Apperson Hearst, from a small-scale town in Missouri. The elder Hearst later entered politics. He served equally a US Senator, first appointed for a brief catamenia in 1886 and was then elected later that year. He served from 1887 to his expiry in 1891.

His paternal great-grandad was John Hearst of Ulster Protestant origin. John Hearst, with his wife and six children, migrated to America from Ballybay, County, Monaghan, Ireland, equally function of the Cahans Exodus in 1766. The family unit settled in S Carolina. Their clearing to Due south Carolina was spurred in part by the colonial regime's policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants, many of Scots origin.^[5] The names "John Hearse" and "John Hearse Jr." appear on the quango records of Oct 26, 1766, existence credited with meriting 400 and 100 acres (i.62 and 0.forty km^two) of country on the Long Canes (in what became Abbeville District), based upon 100 acres (0.forty km²) to heads of household and 50 acres (0.20 km²) for each dependent of a Protestant immigrant. The "Hearse" spelling of the family name was never used afterward by the family members themselves nor whatsoever family of whatever size. A carve up theory purports that one co-operative of a "Hurst" family unit of Virginia (originally from Plymouth Colony) moved to Southward Carolina at about the same time and changed the spelling of its surname of over a century to that of the immigrant Hearsts.^[6] Hearst'southward female parent, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was as well of Scots-Irish ancestry; her family came from Galway.^[7] She was appointed every bit the beginning woman Regent of University of California, Berkeley, donated funds to institute libraries at several universities, funded many anthropological expeditions, and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology.

Hearst attended prep schoolhouse at St. Paul's Schoolhouse in Concord, New Hampshire. He enrolled in the Harvard Higher class of 1885. While there, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A.D. Club (a Harvard Final club), the Jerky Pudding Theatricals, and the Lampoon earlier existence expelled. His antics had ranged from sponsoring massive beer parties in Harvard Square to sending pudding pots used as chamber pots to his professors (their images were depicted inside the bowls).^[8]

Publishing business [edit]

An ad request automakers to identify ads in Hearst chain, noting their circulation.

Searching for an occupation, in 1887 Hearst took over direction of his father's newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, which his father had caused in 1880 as repayment for a gambling debt.^[9] Giving his paper the grand motto "Monarch of the Dailies", Hearst caused the best equipment and the most talented writers of the fourth dimension, including Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain, Jack London, and political cartoonist Homer Davenport. A cocky-proclaimed populist, Hearst reported accounts of municipal and financial abuse, ofttimes attacking companies in which his ain family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market place.

New York Morning Journal [edit]

Early in his career at the San Francisco Examiner, Hearst envisioned running a large newspaper chain and "ever knew that his dream of a nation-spanning, multi-paper news operation was incommunicable without a triumph in New York".^[x] In 1895, with the financial support of his widowed mother (his begetter had died in 1891), Hearst bought the failing New York Morning Periodical, hiring writers such as Stephen Crane and Julian Hawthorne and entering into a head-to-head circulation state of war with Joseph Pulitzer, owner and publisher of the New York World. Hearst "stole" Richard F. Outcault, the creator of colour comics along with all of Pulitzer's Lord's day staff.^[11] Another prominent rent was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian and started his well-known "More Truth Than Poetry" column at the Hearst-owned New York Evening Journal. ^[12]

When Hearst purchased the "penny paper", so called considering its copies sold for a penny apiece, the Journal was competing with New York'south 16 other major dailies. It had a stiff focus on Autonomous Party politics.^[thirteen] Hearst imported his all-time managers from the San Francisco Examiner and "quickly established himself as the most attractive employer" among New York newspapers. He was generous, paid more than his competitors, gave credit to his writers with page-1 bylines. Further, he was unfailingly polite, unassuming, "impeccably at-home", and indulgent of "prima donnas, eccentrics, bohemians, drunks, or reprobates so long every bit they had useful talents".^[fourteen]

Hearst'south activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, "While others Talk, the Periodical Acts."

Yellowish journalism and rivalry with the New York Earth [edit]

The New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as "xanthous journalism", so named afterward Outcault'southward Yellow Kid comic. Pulitzer'southward Earth had pushed the boundaries of mass appeal for newspapers through assuming headlines, aggressive news gathering, generous use of cartoons and illustrations, populist politics, progressive crusades, an exuberant public spirit, and dramatic crime and homo-interest stories. Hearst's Journal used the same recipe for success, forcing Pulitzer to driblet the price of the World from 2 cents to a penny. Shortly the two papers were locked in a violent, often spiteful competition for readers in which both papers spent large sums of money and saw huge gains in circulation.

Within a few months of purchasing the Periodical, Hearst hired away Pulitzer's 3 top editors: Sunday editor Morrill Goddard, who profoundly expanded the scope and entreatment of the American Sunday newspaper; Solomon Carvalho; and a young Arthur Brisbane, who became managing editor of the Hearst newspaper empire and a legendary columnist. Contrary to pop assumption, they were not lured away by higher pay—rather, each homo had grown tired of the temperamental, domineering Pulitzer and the paranoid, back-biting function politics which he encouraged.^[fifteen]

While Hearst's many critics aspect the Journal 's incredible success to cheap sensationalism, Kenneth Whyte noted in The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise Of William Randolph Hearst: "Rather than racing to the bottom, he [Hearst] drove the Journal and the penny press upmarket. The Periodical was a enervating, sophisticated paper by contemporary standards."^[xvi] Though yellow journalism would be much maligned, Whyte said, "All good yellow journalists ... sought the human in every story and edited without fear of emotion or drama. They wore their feelings on their pages, assertive information technology was an honest and wholesome mode to communicate with readers", only, as Whyte pointed out: "This appeal to feelings is not an stop in itself... [they believed] our emotions tend to ignite our intellects: a story catering to a reader's feelings is more than likely than a dry treatise to stimulate thought."^[17]

The two papers finally declared a truce in late 1898, subsequently both lost vast amounts of money covering the Spanish–American War. Hearst probably lost several million dollars in his outset three years every bit publisher of the Journal (figures are impossible to verify), only the paper began turning a turn a profit later it concluded its fight with the World. ^[xviii]

Nether Hearst, the Journal remained loyal to the populist or left wing of the Autonomous Political party. It was the only major publication in the East to support William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Its coverage of that election was probably the most important of any newspaper in the country, attacking relentlessly the unprecedented office of coin in the Republican campaign and the dominating office played past William McKinley's political and fiscal director, Marking Hanna, the first national political party 'boss' in American history.^[19] A year later taking over the paper, Hearst could boast that sales of the Journal'south post-election result (including the evening and German-language editions) topped 1.5 million, a record "unparalleled in the history of the globe."^[xx]

The Journal'southward political coverage, however, was not entirely one-sided. Kenneth Whyte says that most editors of the fourth dimension "believed their papers should speak with i voice on political matters"; by contrast, in New York, Hearst "helped to conductor in the multi-perspective approach nosotros place with the modern op-ed page".^[21] At commencement he supported the Russian Revolution of 1917 but later he turned against it. Hearst fought hard against Wilsonian internationalism, the League of Nations, and the Earth Court, thereby appealing to an neutralist audience.^[22]

Spanish–American War [edit]

The Morning Journal's daily circulation routinely climbed above the 1 million mark after the sinking of the Maine and U.S. entry into the Castilian–American State of war, a war that some chosen The Journal 'southward War, due to the paper'south immense influence in provoking American outrage against Spain.^[23] Much of the coverage leading up to the war, outset with the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution in 1895, was tainted by rumor, propaganda, and sensationalism, with the "yellow" papers regarded equally the worst offenders. The Journal and other New York newspapers were and so one-sided and full of errors in their reporting that coverage of the Cuban crisis and the ensuing Castilian–American War is often cited as ane of the most pregnant milestones in the rising of yellowish journalism's hold over the mainstream media.^[24] Huge headlines in the Journal assigned blame for the Maine'due south devastation on sabotage, which was based on no show. This reporting stoked outrage and indignation against Spain among the paper'due south readers in New York.

The Journal's crusade against Spanish dominion in Cuba was not due to mere jingoism, although "the democratic ideals and humanitarianism that inspired their coverage are largely lost to history," as are their "heroic efforts to find the truth on the isle under unusually difficult circumstances."^[25] The Journal's journalistic activism in support of the Cuban rebels, rather, was centered around Hearst's political and business ambitions.^[24]

Perhaps the best known myth in American journalism is the merits, without any gimmicky evidence, that the illustrator Frederic Remington, sent by Hearst to Cuba to cover the Cuban War of Independence,^[24] cabled Hearst to tell him all was repose in Cuba. Hearst, in this canard, is said to have responded, "Delight remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll replenish the state of war."^{[26] [27]}

Hearst was personally dedicated to the cause of the Cuban rebels, and the Periodical did some of the most important and mettlesome reporting on the conflict—as well every bit some of the most sensationalized. Their stories on the Cuban rebellion and Spain'due south atrocities on the island—many of which turned out to be untrue^[24]—were motivated primarily past Hearst'south outrage at Spain's savage policies on the island. These had resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of innocent Cubans. The most well-known story involved the imprisonment and escape of Cuban prisoner Evangelina Cisneros.^{[24] [28]}

While Hearst and the yellow press did not directly cause America'due south war with Spain, they inflamed public stance in New York Urban center to a fever pitch. New York's elites read other papers, such as the Times and Dominicus, which were far more than restrained. The Journal and the World were local papers oriented to a very large working grade audition in New York Urban center. They were not among the meridian ten sources of news in papers in other cities, and their stories did non make a splash outside New York Urban center.^[29] Outrage across the state came from testify of what Spain was doing in Cuba, a major influence in the decision past Congress to declare war. According to a 21st-century historian, war was declared by Congress because public opinion was sickened by the mortality, and because leaders similar McKinley realized that Spain had lost control of Cuba.^[thirty] These factors weighed more on the president'south mind than the melodramas in the New York Periodical. ^[31]

Hearst sailed to Cuba with a small-scale ground forces of Periodical reporters to comprehend the Spanish–American War;^[32] they brought along portable printing equipment, which was used to print a single-edition newspaper in Republic of cuba afterwards the fighting had ended. 2 of the Journal's correspondents, James Creelman and Edward Marshall, were wounded in the fighting. A leader of the Cuban rebels, Gen. Calixto García, gave Hearst a Cuban flag that had been riddled with bullets every bit a souvenir, in appreciation of Hearst's major role in Cuba'due south liberation.^[33]

Expansion [edit]

In function to help in his political ambitions, Hearst opened newspapers in other cities, among them Chicago, Los Angeles and Boston. In 1915, he founded International Film Service, an blitheness studio designed to exploit the popularity of the comic strips he controlled. The cosmos of his Chicago newspaper was requested past the Democratic National Committee. Hearst used this as an excuse for his mother Phoebe Hearst to transfer him the necessary start-up funds. By the mid-1920s he had a nationwide cord of 28 newspapers, amid them the Los Angeles Examiner, the Boston American, the Atlanta Georgian, the Chicago Examiner, the Detroit Times, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Washington Times, the Washington Herald, and his flagship, the San Francisco Examiner.

Hearst also diversified his publishing interests into volume publishing and magazines. Several of the latter are still in circulation, including such periodicals as Cosmopolitan, Practiced Housekeeping, Town and Country, and Harper's Bazaar.

Cartoonist Rogers in 1906 sees the political uses of Oz: he depicts Hearst every bit the Scarecrow stuck in his ain oozy mud in Harper'south Weekly.

In 1924, Hearst opened the New York Daily Mirror, a racy tabloid frankly imitating the New York Daily News. Among his other holdings were ii news services, Universal News and International News Service, or INS, the latter of which he founded in 1909.^[34] He also owned INS companion radio station WINS in New York; King Features Syndicate, which still owns the copyrights of a number of popular comics characters; a movie company, Cosmopolitan Productions; extensive New York City real manor; and thousands of acres of land in California and United mexican states, forth with timber and mining interests inherited from his father.

Hearst promoted writers and cartoonists despite the lack of whatsoever credible demand for them by his readers. The press critic A. J. Liebling reminds united states of america how many of Hearst's stars would non have been deemed employable elsewhere. One Hearst favorite, George Herriman, was the inventor of the light-headed comic strip Krazy Kat. Not specially popular with either readers or editors when it was first published, in the 21st century, information technology is considered a archetype, a belief once held just by Hearst himself.

In 1929, he became i of the sponsors of the first round-the-globe voyage in an airship, the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin from Deutschland. His sponsorship was provisional on the trip starting at Lakehurst Naval Air Station, New Jersey. The transport's captain, Dr. Hugo Eckener, kickoff flew the Graf Zeppelin beyond the Atlantic from Federal republic of germany to option upward Hearst's photographer and at least three Hearst correspondents. One of them, Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay, by that flight became the beginning woman to travel effectually the world by air.^[35]

The Hearst news empire reached a revenue peak virtually 1928, but the economic collapse of the Great Low in the United States and the vast over-extension of his empire cost him control of his holdings. It is unlikely that the newspapers e'er paid their own mode; mining, ranching and forestry provided whatsoever dividends the Hearst Corporation paid out. When the collapse came, all Hearst properties were hitting hard, but none more than and so than the papers. Hearst's conservative politics, increasingly at odds with those of his readers, worsened matters for the once great Hearst media concatenation. Having been refused the right to sell another circular of bonds to unsuspecting investors, the shaky empire tottered. Unable to service its existing debts, Hearst Corporation faced a court-mandated reorganization in 1937.

From that bespeak, Hearst was reduced to being an employee, subject field to the directives of an outside manager.^[36] Newspapers and other properties were liquidated, the film company close down; there was even a well-publicized auction of art and antiquities. While World State of war II restored circulation and advertising revenues, his great days were over. The Hearst Corporation continues to this day every bit a large, privately held media conglomerate based in New York City.

Involvement in politics [edit]

Hearst won ii elections to Congress, and so lost a series of elections. He narrowly failed in attempts to become mayor of New York Metropolis in both 1905 and 1909 and governor of New York in 1906, nominally remaining a Democrat while too creating the Independence Party. He was defeated for the governorship by Charles Evans Hughes.^[37] Hearst's unsuccessful campaigns for function after his tenure in the House of Representatives earned him the unflattering but short-lived nickname of "William 'Also-Randolph' Hearst",^[38] which was coined past Wallace Irwin.^[39]

Hearst was on the left wing of the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working course (who bought his papers) and denouncing the rich and powerful (who disdained his editorials).^[40] With the back up of Tammany Hall (the regular Democratic organization in Manhattan), Hearst was elected to Congress from New York in 1902 and 1904. He made a major effort to win the 1904 Democratic nomination for president, losing to conservative Alton B. Parker.^[41] Breaking with Tammany in 1907, Hearst ran for mayor of New York City under a third party of his own creation, the Municipal Ownership League. Tammany Hall exerted its utmost to defeat him.^{[42] [43]}

An opponent of the British Empire, Hearst opposed American involvement in the Showtime World State of war and attacked the formation of the League of Nations. His newspapers abstained from endorsing any candidate in 1920 and 1924. Hearst'due south last bid for office came in 1922, when he was backed by Tammany Hall leaders for the U.S. Senate nomination in New York. Al Smith vetoed this, earning the lasting enmity of Hearst. Although Hearst shared Smith's opposition to Prohibition, he swung his papers backside Herbert Hoover in the 1928 presidential election. Hearst's support for Franklin D. Roosevelt at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, via his allies William Gibbs McAdoo and John Nance Garner, can as well exist seen as office of his vendetta confronting Smith, who was an opponent of Roosevelt's at that convention.^[44]

Move to the right [edit]

During the 1920s Hearst was a Jeffersonian Democrat. He warned citizens against the dangers of big authorities and against unchecked federal power that could infringe on individual rights. Hearst supported FDR in 1932, but then became critical of the New Bargain. More and more often, Hearst newspapers supported business over organized labor and condemned higher income tax legislation.^[45]

Hearst broke with FDR in spring 1935 when the president vetoed the Patman Bonus Bill for veterans and tried to enter the Earth Court.^[46] Hearst's papers were his weapon. They carried the publisher's rambling, vitriolic, all-uppercase-messages editorials, but he no longer employed the energetic reporters, editors, and columnists who might have made a serious set on. He reached 20 meg readers in the mid-1930s, but they included much of the working form which Roosevelt had attracted by iii-to-i margins in the 1936 ballot. The Hearst papers—like most major bondage—had supported the Republican Alf Landon that year.^{[47] [48]}

While campaigning against Roosevelt'due south policy of developing formal diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, in 1935 Hearst ordered his editors to reprint eyewitness accounts of the Ukrainian famine (the Holdomor).^[49] These had been supplied in 1933 past Welsh freelance journalist Gareth Jones,^{[l] [51]} and past the disillusioned American Communist Fred Aggravate.^{[52] [53]} The New York Times, content with what it has since conceded was "tendentious" reporting of Soviet achievements, printed the blanket denials of its Pulitzer Prize-winning Moscow contributor Walter Duranty.^[54] Duranty, who was widely credited with facilitating the rapprochement with Moscow, dismissed the Hearst-circulated reports of fabricated-made starvation every bit a politically motivated "scare story".^[55]

In the articles, written past Thomas Walker, to improve serve Hearst 'south editorial line against Roosevelt's Soviet policy the famine was "updated"; placed in 1934 rather than 1932–1933. In The Nation, Louis Fischer accused Walker of pure invention. Fischer had been to the Ukraine in 1934 and had seen no dearth. He interpreted the whole affair as only an attempt past Hearst to "spoil Soviet-American relations" equally part of "an anti-reddish campaign".^[56]

In 1934, after checking with Jewish leaders to ensure a visit would be to their benefit,^[57] Hearst visited Berlin to interview Adolf Hitler. When Hitler asked why he was so misunderstood by the American press, Hearst retorted: "Because Americans believe in democracy, and are averse to dictatorship."^[58] Hearst's papers ran columns without rebuttal by Nazi leader Hermann Göring and Hitler himself, too as Mussolini and other dictators in Europe and Latin America.^[59] During that same yr 1934, Japan / U.S. relations were unstable. In an attempt to remedy this, Prince Tokugawa Iesato traveled throughout the United states on a goodwill visit. During his visit, Prince Iesato and his delegation met with William Randolph Hearst with the hope of improving mutual understanding between the two nations.

Personal life [edit]

Millicent Willson [edit]

In 1903, Hearst married Millicent Veronica Willson (1882–1974), a 21-year-old chorus daughter, in New York City. Evidence in Louis Pizzitola'southward volume, Hearst Over Hollywood, indicates that Millicent'southward mother Hannah Willson ran a Tammany-connected and protected brothel near the headquarters of political power in New York Urban center at the plow of the 20th century. Millicent bore him five sons: George Randolph Hearst, born on Apr 23, 1904; William Randolph Hearst Jr., born on Jan 27, 1908; John Randolph Hearst, born in 1910; and twins Randolph Apperson Hearst and David Whitmire (né Elbert Willson) Hearst, born on Dec 2, 1915.

Marion Davies [edit]

Conceding an terminate to his political hopes, Hearst became involved in an affair with the film extra and comedian Marion Davies (1897–1961), former mistress of his friend Paul Block.^[60] From about 1919, he lived openly with her in California. After the death of Patricia Lake (1919/1923–1993), who had been presented as Davies's "niece," her family unit confirmed that she was Davies's and Hearst's daughter. She had acknowledged this earlier her death.^[61]

Millicent separated from Hearst in the mid-1920s afterwards tiring of his longtime affair with Davies, but the couple remained legally married until Hearst'south death. Millicent congenital an independent life for herself in New York City as a leading philanthropist. She was active in society and in 1921 created the Free Milk Fund for the poor.^[61]

California properties [edit]

George Hearst invested some of his fortune from the Comstock Lode in land. In 1865 he purchased about 30,000 acres (12,000 ha), office of Rancho Piedra Blanca stretching from Simeon Bay and reached to Ragged Point. He paid the original grantee Jose de Jesus Pico USD$1 an acre, virtually twice the current market price.^[62] Hearst continued to buy parcels whenever they became available. He also bought nearly of Rancho San Simeon.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1865, Hearst bought all of Rancho Santa Rosa totaling 13,184 acres (5,335 ha) except one department of 160 acres (0.6 km²) that Estrada lived on. However, as was common with claims earlier the Public State Commission, Estrada'southward legal claim was costly and took many years to resolve. Estrada mortgaged the ranch to Domingo Pujol, a Spanish-born San Francisco lawyer, who represented him. Estrada was unable to pay the loan and Pujol foreclosed on it. Estrada did non have the title to the state.^[63] Hearst sued, only ended up with just 1,340 acres (5.4 km²) of Estrada's holdings.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the 1920s William Hearst adult an involvement in acquiring additional land along the Central Coast of California that he could add to land he inherited from his father. Rancho Milpitas was a 43,281-acre (17,515 ha) land grant given in 1838 past California governor Juan Bautista Alvarado to Ygnacio Pastor.^[64] The grant encompassed present-mean solar day Jolon and land to the west.^[65] When Pastor obtained title from the Public State Commission in 1875, Faxon Atherton immediately purchased the land. Past 1880, the James Brown Cattle Company owned and operated Rancho Milpitas and neighboring Rancho Los Ojitos.

In 1923, Newhall Land sold Rancho San Miguelito de Trinidad and Rancho El Piojo to William Randolph Hearst.^[66] In 1925, Hearst's Piedmont Land and Cattle Visitor bought Rancho Milpitas and Rancho Los Ojitos (Little Springs) from the James Brown Cattle Visitor.^[67] Hearst gradually bought adjoining land until he owned tour 250,000 acres (100,000 ha).^[68]

Fort Hunter Liggett [edit]

On December 12, 1940, Hearst sold 158,000 acres (63,940 ha), including the Rancho Milpitas, to the United States government.^[69] Neighboring landowners sold another 108,950 acres (44,091 ha) to create the 266,950-acre (108,031 ha) Hunter Liggett Military Reservation troop preparation base for the War Department. The United states Army used a ranch firm and guest club named The Hacienda as housing for the base commander, for visiting officers, and for the officers' club.^{[69] [70]}

Little Sur River [edit]

In 1916, the Eberhard and Kron Tanning Company of Santa Cruz purchased land from the homesteaders along the Little Sur River. They harvested tanbark oak and brought the bawl out on mules and rough wooden sleds known as "go-devils" to Notleys Landing at the mouth of Palo Colorado Canyon, where it was loaded via cablevision onto ships anchored offshore. Hearst was interested in preserving the uncut, abundant redwood woods, and on November 18, 1921, he purchased the land from the tanning visitor for near $50,000.^[71] On July 23, 1948, the Monterey Bay Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America purchased the belongings, originally 1,445 acres (585 ha), from the Hearst Sunical Land and Packing Visitor for $20,000. On September 9, 1948, Albert M. Lester of Carmel obtained a grant for the council of $xx,000 from Hearst through the Hearst Foundation of New York Metropolis, offsetting the cost of the purchase.^[72]

Hearst Castle [edit]

Beginning in 1919, Hearst began to build Hearst Castle, which he never completed, on the 250,000-acre (100,000-hectare; 1,000-square-kilometre) ranch he had caused near San Simeon. He furnished the mansion with art, antiques, and entire historic rooms purchased and brought from great houses in Europe. He established an Arabian horse breeding functioning on the grounds.

Northern California forest land [edit]

Hearst also owned property on the McCloud River in Siskiyou County, in far northern California, called Wyntoon.^[a] The buildings at Wyntoon were designed by architect Julia Morgan, who besides designed Hearst Castle and worked in collaboration with William J. Dodd on a number of other projects.

Beverly Hills mansion [edit]

In 1947, Hearst paid $120,000 for an H-shaped Beverly Hills mansion, (located at 1011 N. Beverly Dr.), on 3.7 acres three blocks from Sunset Boulevard. The Beverly House, equally it has come to exist known, has some cinematic connections. According to Hearst Over Hollywood, John and Jacqueline Kennedy stayed at the house for part of their honeymoon. The house appeared in the film The Godfather (1972).^{[ farther explanation needed ] [73]}

In the early 1890s, Hearst began building a mansion on the hills overlooking Pleasanton, California, on land purchased by his father a decade earlier. Hearst'south mother took over the projection, hired Julia Morgan to finish information technology equally her dwelling house, and named it Hacienda del Pozo de Verona.^[74] After her death, it was acquired past Castlewood Country Club, which used information technology as their clubhouse from 1925 to 1969, when it was destroyed in a major burn down.

Art drove [edit]

Painting of a landscape with a huntsman and dead game (Allegory of the Sense of Odour) by Jan Weenix, 1697, once owned by Hearst

Hearst was renowned for his extensive collection of international art that spanned centuries. About notable in his drove were his Greek vases, Castilian and Italian furniture, Oriental carpets, Renaissance vestments, an extensive library with many books signed by their authors, and paintings and statues. In addition to collecting pieces of fine art, he also gathered manuscripts, rare books, and autographs.^[75] His guests included varied celebrities and politicians, who stayed in rooms furnished with pieces of antique furniture and busy with artwork by famous artists.^[75]

Beginning in 1937, Hearst began selling some of his art drove to help save the debt brunt he had suffered from the Low. The start year he sold items for a total of $11 one thousand thousand. In 1941 he put about 20,000 items up for auction; these were bear witness of his wide and varied tastes. Included in the sale items were paintings past van Dyke, crosiers, chalices, Charles Dickens's sideboard, pulpits, stained glass, arms and armor, George Washington's waistcoat, and Thomas Jefferson's Bible. When Hearst Castle was donated to the State of California, it was still sufficiently furnished for the whole firm to exist considered and operated every bit a museum.^[75]

St Donat's Castle [edit]

Later on seeing photographs, in Country Life Magazine, of St. Donat'south Castle in Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, Hearst bought and renovated it in 1925 as a souvenir to Davies.^[76] The Castle was restored by Hearst, who spent a fortune buying unabridged rooms from other castles and palaces across the UK and Europe. The Neat Hall was bought from the Bradenstoke Priory in Wiltshire and reconstructed brick by brick in its current site at St. Donat's. From the Bradenstoke Priory, he also bought and removed the guest house, Prior's lodging, and bully tithe barn; of these, some of the materials became the St. Donat'southward banqueting hall, consummate with a sixteenth-century French chimney-slice and windows; likewise used were a fireplace dated to c. 1514 and a fourteenth-century roof, which became part of the Bradenstoke Hall, despite this use being questioned in Parliament. Hearst congenital 34 green and white marble bathrooms for the many invitee suites in the castle and completed a serial of terraced gardens which survive intact today. Hearst and Davies spent much of their time entertaining, and held a number of lavish parties attended by guests including Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Winston Churchill, and a young John F. Kennedy. When Hearst died, the castle was purchased past Antonin Besse 2 and donated to Atlantic College, an international boarding school founded by Kurt Hahn in 1962, which notwithstanding uses information technology.

Interest in aviation [edit]

Hearst was particularly interested in the newly emerging technologies relating to aviation and had his first experience of flight in January 1910, in Los Angeles. Louis Paulhan, a French aviator, took him for an air trip on his Farman biplane.^{[77] [78]} Hearst also sponsored Erstwhile Glory as well as the Hearst Transcontinental Prize.

Financial disaster [edit]

Hearst's cause confronting Roosevelt and the New Deal, combined with wedlock strikes and boycotts of his properties, undermined the fiscal strength of his empire. Apportionment of his major publications declined in the mid-1930s, while rivals such equally the New York Daily News were flourishing. He refused to accept effective price-cutting measures, and instead increased his very expensive art purchases. His friend Joseph P. Kennedy offered to buy the magazines, only Hearst jealously guarded his empire and refused. Instead, he sold some of his heavily mortgaged real estate. San Simeon itself was mortgaged to Los Angeles Times possessor Harry Chandler in 1933 for $600,000.^[79]

Finally his financial advisors realized he was tens of millions of dollars in debt, and could not pay the interest on the loans, allow alone reduce the main. The proposed bail sale failed to concenter investors, as Hearst'southward financial crisis became widely known. Every bit Marion Davies's stardom waned, Hearst's movies too began to hemorrhage money. As the crisis deepened, he let go of most of his household staff, sold his exotic animals to the Los Angeles Zoo, and named a trustee to control his finances. He still refused to sell his beloved newspapers. At one point, to avoid outright defalcation, he had to accept a $1 million loan from Marion Davies, who sold all her jewelry, stocks and bonds to raise the cash for him.^[79] Davies too managed to raise him another million as a loan from Washington Herald owner Cissy Patterson. The trustee cut Hearst'due south annual salary to $500,000, and stopped the annual payment of $700,000 in dividends. He had to pay rent for living in his castle at San Simeon.

Legally Hearst avoided bankruptcy, although the public more often than not saw it as such as appraisers went through the tapestries, paintings, piece of furniture, silver, pottery, buildings, autographs, jewelry, and other collectibles. Items in the thousands were gathered from a v-story warehouse in New York, warehouses near San Simeon containing big amounts of Greek sculpture and ceramics, and the contents of St. Donat's. His collections were sold off in a series of auctions and private sales in 1938–39. John D. Rockefeller, Junior, bought $100,000 of antique silver for his new museum at Colonial Williamsburg. The market for fine art and antiques had not recovered from the low, so Hearst made an overall loss of hundreds of thousands of dollars.^[79] During this fourth dimension, Hearst'due south friend George Loorz commented sarcastically: "He would like to get-go work on the outside puddle [at San Simeon], start a new reservoir etc. but told me yesterday 'I want and then many things but oasis't got the money.' Poor fellow, let's take up a drove."^[79]

He was embarrassed in early 1939 when Fourth dimension magazine published a feature which revealed he was at risk of defaulting on his mortgage for San Simeon and losing it to his creditor and publishing rival, Harry Chandler.^[79] This, notwithstanding, was averted, as Chandler agreed to extend the repayment.

Final years and death [edit]

After the disastrous financial losses of the 1930s, the Hearst Company returned to profitability during the 2d Globe War, when advertizing revenues skyrocketed. Hearst, after spending much of the war at his estate of Wyntoon, returned to San Simeon total-time in 1945 and resumed building works. He too continued collecting, on a reduced calibration. He threw himself into philanthropy by donating a dandy many works to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.^[79]

In 1947, Hearst left his San Simeon estate to seek medical care, which was unavailable in the remote location. He died in Beverly Hills on August 14, 1951, at the age of 88. He was interred in the Hearst family mausoleum at the Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California, which his parents had established.

His volition established two charitable trusts, the Hearst Foundation and the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. By his amended will, Marion Davies inherited 170,000 shares in the Hearst Corporation, which, combined with a trust fund of 30,000 shares that Hearst had established for her in 1950, gave her a controlling interest in the corporation.^[79] This was brusque-lived, as she relinquished the 170,000 shares to the Corporation on October 30, 1951, retaining her original xxx,000 shares and a function as an advisor. Like their begetter, none of Hearst's 5 sons graduated from college.^[eighty] They all followed their father into the media business organisation, and Hearst's namesake, William Randolph, Jr., became a Pulitzer Prize–winning newspaper reporter.

Criticism [edit]

In the 1890s, the already existing anti-Chinese and anti-Asian racism in San Francisco were further fanned by Hearst'due south anti-non-European descents, which were reflected in the rhetoric and the focus in The Examiner and ane of his own signed editorials.^[81] These prejudices continued to be the mainstays throughout his journalistic career to galvanize his readers' fears.^[81] Hearst staunchly supported the Japanese-American internment during WWII and used his media power to demonize Japanese-Americans and to drum up support for the internment of Japanese-Americans.^[82]

Some media outlets have attempted to bring attention to Hearst'due south interest in the prohibition of cannabis in America. Hearst collaborated with Harry J. Anslinger to ban hemp due to the threat that the burgeoning hemp newspaper industry posed to his major investment and market share in the paper milling industry. This partnership to market propaganda against cannabis also created an immeasurable, long-lasting negative bear upon on global socioeconomics. Due to their efforts, hemp would remain illegal to grow in the US for almost a century, not being legalized until 2018.^{[83] [84] [85]}

Equally Martin Lee and Norman Solomon noted in their 1990 volume Unreliable Sources, Hearst "routinely invented sensational stories, faked interviews, ran phony pictures and distorted real events". This arroyo discredited "yellow journalism".

Hearst's use of yellow journalism techniques in his New York Journal to whip up popular support for U.S. military adventurism in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in 1898 was also criticized in Upton Sinclair's 1919 book, The Brass Check: A Study of American Journalism. Co-ordinate to Sinclair, Hearst's newspapers distorted earth events and deliberately tried to discredit Socialists. Some other critic, Ferdinand Lundberg, extended the criticism in Imperial Hearst (1936), charging that Hearst papers accustomed payments from abroad to slant the news. Subsequently the state of war, a further critic, George Seldes, repeated the charges in Facts and Fascism (1947). Lundberg described Hearst "the weakest strong man and the strongest weak human being in the globe today... a behemothic with feet of clay."^[79]

In fiction [edit]

Denizen Kane [edit]

The moving picture Denizen Kane (released on May one, 1941) is loosely based on Hearst's life.^[86] Welles and his collaborator, screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, created Kane as a composite character, among them Harold Fowler McCormick, Samuel Insull and Howard Hughes. Hearst, enraged at the idea of Citizen Kane being a thinly bearded and very unflattering portrait of him, used his massive influence and resources to prevent the film from being released—all without even having seen it. Welles and the studio RKO Pictures resisted the force per unit area but Hearst and his Hollywood friends ultimately succeeded in pressuring theater chains to limit showings of Denizen Kane, resulting in merely moderate box-office numbers and seriously impairing Welles'southward career prospects.^[87] The fight over the film was documented in the Academy Laurels-nominated documentary, The Battle Over Denizen Kane, and nearly 60 years later, HBO offered a fictionalized version of Hearst'southward efforts in its original production RKO 281 (1999), in which James Cromwell portrays Hearst. Citizen Kane has twice been ranked No. 1 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies: in 1998 and 2007. In 2020, David Fincher directed Mank, starring Gary Oldman every bit Mankiewicz, as he interacts with Hearst prior to the writing of Citizen Kane's screenplay. Charles Dance portrays Hearst in the film.

Other works [edit]

Films [edit]

• In the television film Rough Riders (1997), Hearst (played by George Hamilton) is depicted as travelling to Cuba with a modest band of journalists, to personally cover the Spanish–American War.
• Hearst is mentioned in the Disney movie Newsies (1992), directed by Kenny Ortega, which depicts the Newsboys' Strike of 1899. Hearst is never seen onscreen but is referenced by several of the newsies in various musical numbers, and is portrayed as an antagonist engaged in a bitter circulation state of war with Joseph Pulitzer.
• In the HBO movie Winchell (1998), Kevin Tighe played Hearst.
• In RKO 281 He was played by James Cromwell.
• The Cat'south Meow (2001), a fictitious version of the death of Thomas H. Ince, takes place in November 1924, on a weekend cruise aboard publisher William Randolph Hearst's yacht, celebrating Ince's 44th birthday. The film'south fictionalizes Ince's death by suggesting that Hearst shot Ince and covered information technology upwardly.^[88] Hearst is portrayed by Edward Herrmann. (Ince really became severely ill aboard Hearst'due south individual yacht, and the official cause of the filmmaker's death was centre failure.^[89])
• He is portrayed by Matthew Marsh in Agnieszka Holland'south 2019 film, Mr Jones.
• He is portrayed by Charles Dance in David Fincher'due south 2020 film, Mank.

Literature [edit]

• John Dos Passos'due south novel The Large Money (1936) includes a biographical sketch of Hearst.
• Jack London's futuristic, dystopian novel of 1907, The Iron Heel, refers to Hearst by name; and the plot "predicts" the devastation of his publishing empire (forth with the Autonomous Political party) in 1912, by means of an oligarchy of plutocrats and industrial trusts engineering the abeyance of his ad acquirement.
• In Ayn Rand'south novel The Fountainhead (1943) and its eponymous 1949 moving picture adaptation, the graphic symbol Gail Wynand, a newspaper magnate who thinks he can control public sentiment but in reality is only a retainer of the masses, is inspired by and modeled after the life of William Randolph Hearst.^[90]
• In John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939), Hearst is anonymously described as the "paper fella near the coast" who "got a one thousand thousand acres" and looks "crazy an' mean" in pictures (ch. 18).
• In Gore Vidal's historic novel series, Narratives of Empire, Hearst is a major graphic symbol.
• Scott Westerfeld's novel Goliath (2011) depicts Hearst in World War I.
• In Charlaine Harris' The Russian Muzzle (2021) Hearst was the ruler of the HRE (formerly westward coast states of US) who permitted the tsar and his entourage to settle in the defunct Navy base at San Diego.

Television [edit]

• The rivalry between Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer has been documented on National Geographic Channel's series American Genius (2015).
• In the TNT series "The Alienist", in the second season played past Matt Letscher.
• In "The Paper Dynasty" (1964) episode of the syndicated Western television series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Hearst (played past James Hampton) struggles to turn a profit despite increased apportionment of The San Francisco Examiner, featuring James Lanphier (1920–1969) every bit Ambrose Bierce and Robert O. Cornthwaite as Sam Chamberlain.^[91]
• In "The Odyssey", a 1979 episode of the telly series Little House on the Prairie, Hearst (played past Nib Ewing) is depicted as a friendly and talented immature San Francisco journalist.
• Hearst (portrayed past John Colton^[92]) appears in the season 2 episode "Hollywoodland" of the NBC series Timeless.

See as well [edit]

• Hearst Ranch
• History of American newspapers
• The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Wyntoon is located at approximately 41°xi′21″N 122°03′58″W  /  41.18917°N 122.06611°W  / 41.18917; -122.06611

Citations [edit]

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3. ^ Rodney Carlisle, "The Foreign Policy Views of an Isolationist Press Lord: Due west. R. Hearst & the International Crisis, 1936–41" Journal of Contemporary History (1974) 9#3 pp. 217–27.
4. ^ The Battle Over Citizen Kane Archived March 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, PBS.
5. ^ Betit, Kyle J. "Scots-Irish gaelic in Colonial America". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved Apr 11, 2014.
6. ^ Carlson 2007, pp. iii–4.
7. ^ Robinson 1991, p. 33.
8. ^ The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Thirteenth edition, Advanced Placement Edition, 2006^{[ page needed ]}
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11. ^ "The Press: The King Is Dead". Fourth dimension. August 20, 1951. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved Apr 24, 2008.
12. ^ "James Montague, Versifier, Is Dead," New York Times, December 17, 1941.
13. ^ Whyte 2009, p. 48.
14. ^ Whyte 2009, pp. 116–17.
15. ^ Whyte 2009, pp. 100–06, 110–11, 346–48.
16. ^ Whyte 2009, p. 92.
17. ^ Whyte 2009, p. 314.
18. ^ Whyte 2009, pp. 455, 463.
19. ^ Whyte 2009, pp. 164–65, 178.
20. ^ Whyte 2009, p. 193.
21. ^ Whyte 2009, p. 163.
22. ^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 270–74, 378.
23. ^ Whyte 2009, p.^{[ page needed ]}.
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Sources [edit]

• Carlson, Oliver (2007). Hearst – Lord of San Simeon. Read Books. ISBN978-1-4067-6684-4.
• Nasaw, David (2000). The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-395-82759-0.
• Robinson, Judith (1991). The Hearsts: An American dynasty. University of Delaware Press. ISBN0-87413-383-1.
• Whyte, Kenneth (2009). The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst. Berkeley: Counterpoint. ISBN978-1582439853.

Further reading [edit]

• Bernhardt, Marking. "The Selling of Sexual practice, Sleaze, Scuttlebutt, and other Shocking Sensations: The Evolution of New Journalism in San Francisco, 1887–1900." American Journalism 28#4 (2011): 111–42.
• Carlisle, Rodney. "The Foreign Policy Views of an Isolationist Printing Lord: Due west. R. Hearst & the International Crisis, 1936–41" Journal of Contemporary History (1974) ix#3 pp. 217–27.
• Davies, Marion (1975). The Times We Had: Life with William Randolph Hearst . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN0-672-52112-1.
• Duffus, Robert L. (September 1922). "The Tragedy of Hearst". The World'south Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV: 623–31. Retrieved Baronial four, 2009.
• Frazier, Nancy (2001). William Randolph Hearst: Mod Media Tycoon. Woodbridge, CT: Blackbirch Printing. ISBN1-56711-512-8.
• Goldstein, Benjamin S. "'A Legend Somewhat Larger than Life': Karl H. von Wiegand and the Trajectory of Hearstian Sensationalist Journalism*." Historical Research 94, no. 265 (Baronial i, 2021): 629–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htab019.
• Hearst, William Randolph Jr. (1991). The Hearsts: Male parent and Son. Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart. ISBN1-879373-04-one.
• Kastner, Victoria, with a foreword by Stephen T. Hearst (2013). Hearst Ranch: Family, Land and Legacy. New York: H. North. Abrams. ISBN 978-1419708541.
• Kastner, Victoria, with photographs by Victoria Garagliano (2000). Hearst Castle: The Biography of a Country Firm. New York: H. N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0810934153.
• Kastner, Victoria, with photographs by Victoria Garagliano (2009). Hearst's San Simeon: The Gardens and the Land. New York: H. N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0810972902.
• Landers, James. "Hearst's Magazine, 1912–1914: Muckraking Sensationalist." Journalism History 38.4 (2013): 221.
• Leonard, Thomas C. "Hearst, William Randolph"; American National Biography Online (2000). Admission Date: May 12, 2016
• Levkoff, Mary L. (2008). Hearst: The Collector. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. ISBN978-0-8109-7283-4.
• Liebling, A.J. (1964). The Press. New York: Pantheon.
• Lundberg, Ferdinand (1936). Imperial Hearst: A Social Biography. New York: Equinox Corporative Printing. ISBN9780837129631.
• Olmsted, Kathryn S. The Newspaper Axis: 6 Printing Barons Who Enabled Hitler (Yale Upward, 2022)online also online review
• Pizzitola, Louis (2002). Hearst Over Hollywood: Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN0-231-11646-2.
• Procter, Ben H. (1998). William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863–1910. New York: Oxford University Printing. ISBN0-19-511277-6.
  • Procter, Ben H. (2007). William Randolph Hearst: The Later Years, 1911–1951. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-532534-8.
• St. Johns; Rogers, Adela (1969). The Honeycomb . Garden Urban center, NY: Doubleday.
• Swanberg, W.A. (1961). Denizen Hearst . New York: Scribner. ISBN978-0684171470.
• Thomas, Evan. The state of war lovers: Roosevelt, Social club, Hearst, and the rush to empire, 1898 (2010).
• Winkler, John Thousand. Due west.R. Hearst An American Phenomenon, Jonathan Cape, (1928)

External links [edit]

• Hearst the Collector at LACMA

• U.s. Congress. "William Randolph Hearst (id: H000429)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• The William Randolph Hearst Fine art Archive at Long Isle University
• Guide to the William Randolph Hearst Papers at The Bancroft Library
• Hearstcastle.org: Hearst Castle at San Simeon
• William Randolph Hearst at IMDb

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by William Sulzer	Member of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives from New York's 11th congressional district 1903–1907	Succeeded past Charles 5. Fornes
Party political offices
Preceded by D. Cady Herrick	Democratic nominee for Governor of New York 1906	Succeeded by Lewis Chanler

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst

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